12 Sonderforschungs- und Transferbereiche
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Item Open Access The RefLex scheme - annotation guidelines(Stuttgart : Universität Stuttgart, SFB, 2017) Riester, Arndt; Baumann, StefanThe purpose of the RefLex annotation scheme (Baumann and Riester 2012) is the two-dimensional analysis of textual or spoken corpus data with regard to referential information status (including coreference and bridging) as well as lexical information status (semantic relations). We provide some linguistic-philosophical background followed by detailed guidelines, which can be used in combination with various annotation tools.Item Open Access Morphological, syntactic and semantic aspects of dispositions(Stuttgart : Universität Stuttgart, SFB, 2016) Martin, Fabienne; Pitteroff, Marcel; Pross, TillmannThis volume gathers a subset of the papers presented at the Workshop on the Morphological, Syntactic and Semantic Aspects of Dispositions held at the University of Stuttgart from June 25 to June 27 2015. The invited speakers were Artemis Alexiadou, Nora Boneh, Elena Castroviejo, Ariel Cohen, Bridget Copley, Hans Kamp, Marika Lekakou, John Maier, Christopher Piñón, Károly Varasdi and Barbara Vetter. Other contributions have been presented by Simona Aimar, Saveria Colonna, Marta Donazzan, Berit Gehrke, Daniel Kodaj, Nick Kroll, Isabelle Roy and Lucia Tovena. While appeals to dispositions have been made in just about every area of linguistics and philosophy, the syntax, semantics and ontology of dispositions is still subject to debate. A first obvious reason why dispositions are hard to deal with in linguistics is that the predominant Neo-Davidsonian account of logical forms is based on the isolated analysis of actual relations between causes and effects, whereas dispositions pertain to potential cause-effect relations, difficult to grasp in traditional syntax/semantic frameworks. Besides, whereas for actual causations, the binary distinction between the roles Agent/Causer and Theme/Patient makes perfect sense, possible cause-effect relations partly escape these distinctions. The instantiation of a disposition in an object is not related to being an Agent or to being a Theme of the disposition. A second obvious difficulty raised by dispositions is due to the versatility of dispositional predicates. Those are commonly used to describe either permanent or temporary properties of individuals, or manifestations of these properties through events, not to mention their other (e.g. epistemic) readings. The goal of the workshop was to subject to critical scrutiny the Neo-Davidsonian foundation of syntax and semantics in the light of the linguistic expression of dispositional causal powers. We aimed to bring together linguists and philosophers interested in contributing to a common point of departure in the analysis of dispositions beyond the Neo-Davidsonian framework. Three central questions emerged as central issues of the workshop: 1. Uncontroversially, dispositions are properties - but what kind of properties are dispositions? 2. What are dispositions properties of? 3. Do the different expressions we find in natural languages differentiate between different types of dispositions? The papers collected in this volume represent the variety of answers that have been provided by the workshop participants to one or more of these questions. Concerning the first question, centered on the nature of dispositions, the paper by Vetter argues that dispositions are irreducible modal properties, and proposes a modal semantics which uses the resources of an ‘anti-Humean’ metaphysics instead of possible worlds. The papers by Boneh and Cohen approach in more detail the specificity of the modal properties that correspond to dispositions. Boneh examines the relation between dispositional and habitual readings. She argues that in bare generic sentences, there is no sound linguistic criteria to set apart dispositional readings from habitual readings. Cohen proposes a classification of dispositions according to whether their argument is a causer or not, and whether they are always, or only sometimes realized. He demonstrates that each such type of disposition is expressed by a distinct linguistic expression. The bearer of dispositions is the subject of the papers of Kroll, Donazzan & Tovena and Cohen. Kroll analyzes events in progress as being the bearers of dispositions. Donazzan and Tovena, like Cohen, highlight the fact that bearers of dispositions are often systems consisting of one or more protagonists situated in an environment. With respect to the linguistic expression of dispositions, Castroviejo & Oltra-Massuet present a case study on the semantics of the Spanish expression ser capaz ‘be capable’, which is carefully compared to its English counterpart. The paper by Alexiadou examines the restrictions on the formation of -able adjectives from object experiencer verbs. She argues that their availability depends not only on their aspectual properties, but also on the Voice system of a language - i.e. dispositional -able formation takes as input a structure involving passive resp. middle Voice. Finally, Roy et. al. consider how grammatical and conceptual knowledge affect children’s and adults’ interpretation of derived -er nominals such as cutter of branches (a phrasal -er nominal) and branch cutter (a compound -er nominal) in English.Item Open Access Proceedings of JeNom 4, 4èmes Journées d’Étude sur les Nominalisations - the 4th Workshop on Nominalizations(2012) Iordachioaia, Gianina (ed.)Dieser Band ist eine Sammlung von Beiträgen zu JeNom 4, 4. Workshop zu Nominalisierungen (The 4th Workshop on Nominalizations / 4èmes Journées d’étude sur les nominalisations), der vom 16.-17. Juni 2011, an der Universität Stuttgart stattgefunden hat. Der Workshop wurde im Rahmen eines DAAD-Aurora-Projektes zwischen der Universität Stuttgart, der Universität Paris 8 und der Universität Lille 3 organisiert.Item Open Access Ontology and argument structure in nominalizations(2013) Pross, Tillmann; Roßdeutscher, Antje (Hrsg.)Based on data from German -ung nominalizations, I argue that selection restriction tests are not suitable as linguistic tools for ontological disambiguation. Consequently, I question the significance of ontology as a starting point for linguistic theorizing. Instead, I argue for an underspecified account of the ontology of nominalizations, in which disambiguation looses its central role in the commerce with ambiguity.Item Open Access A clustering approach to automatic verb classification incorporating selectional preferences: model, implementation, and user manual(2010) Schulte im Walde, Sabine; Schmid, Helmut; Wagner, Wiebke; Hying, Christian; Scheible, ChristianThis report presents two variations of an innovative, complex approach to semantic verb classes that relies on selectional preferences as verb properties. The underlying linguistic assumption for this verb class model is that verbs which agree on their selectional preferences belong to a common semantic class. The model is implemented as a soft-clustering approach, in order to capture the polysemy of the verbs. The training procedure uses the Expectation-Maximisation (EM) algorithm (Baum, 1972) to iteratively improve the probabilistic parameters of the model, and applies the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle (Rissanen, 1978) to induce WordNet-based selectional preferences for arguments within subcategorisation frames. One variation of the MDL principle replicates a standard MDL approach by Li and Abe (1998), the other variation presents an improved pruning strategy that outperforms the standard implementation considerably. Our model is potentially useful for lexical induction (e.g., verb senses, subcategorisation and selectional preferences, collocations, and verb alternations), and for NLP applications in sparse data situations. We demonstrate the usefulness of the model by a standard evaluation (pseudo-word disambiguation), and three applications (selectional preference induction, verb sense disambiguation, and semi-supervised sense labelling).Item Open Access Deverbal nominals in context : meaning variation and copredication(2011) Brandtner, Regine; von Heusinger, Klaus (Prof. Dr.)The dissertation examines the meaning variation of deverbal nominalizations from a semantic-pragmatic point of view. The main focus is on nouns derived from verbs by means of the suffix -ung in German (e.g. Messung ‘measurement’, Absperrung ‘obstruction’, Lüftung ‘air-condition’), which cannot only refer to events but often also to their abstract and material results, to animate and inanimate causers of the event and to the locations of these events. It is shown that these nominalizations do not only appear in contexts in which they can be directly and unambiguously assigned one of those readings, but also in so-called copredication structures wherein modifiers and predicates indicate incompatible readings for the nominalization as, for example, in (i) Die fuenfminuetige Messung ist auf zwei Stellen genau. ‘The five-minute measurement is accurate to two decimal places.’ To solve such sortal mismatches, e.g. between an event (fuenfminuetig ‘five-minute’) and a result indicator (auf zwei Stellen genau ‘accurate to two decimal places’), a specific kind of meaning shift is suggested, which does not affect the meaning of the nominalization, but rather applies to the context. According to this approach, the first indicator determines the reading of the nominalization in the sentence, whereas the second indicator is adjusted to match this reading as well in terms of predicate transfer (cf. Nunberg 1995, 2004). The focus of this thesis is not only on the analysis of copredication examples, but more specifically on the identification of constraints for the kind of meaning shift involved there: these constraints allow explaining those cases neglected in the literature where copredication leads to unacceptable examples and they give, for example, new insights into the distribution of deverbal nominal readings and the construction of coherent contexts.